{"page":1,"pages":1,"per_page":"5000","total":15,"source":[{"id":"2","name":"World Development Indicators","concept":[{"id":"Series","variable":[{"id":"TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS","metatype":[{"id":"Aggregationmethod","value":"Weighted average"},{"id":"Dataset","value":"WB_WDI"},{"id":"Developmentrelevance","value":"High-technology exports represent the value of products with high research and development (R&D) intensity, such as aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and advanced machinery, exported by a country in a given year. High-tech exports are defined according to a standard classification (based on SITC Rev.4, using a product-level approach originally developed by OECD in collaboration with Eurostat), which aggregates product codes associated with high R&D intensity.\u000a\u000aFrom a development perspective, tracking high-technology exports reveals structural shifts in an economy: a rising volume of such exports may signal successful technology transfer, increasing domestic capacity for innovation, and greater economic sophistication. It provides empirical evidence of movement toward higher value-added production, which is often associated with stronger productivity growth, better jobs, improved trade balances, and long-term competitiveness. \u000a\u000aMoreover, by benchmarking across countries, the indicator helps policymakers and researchers assess how well an economy is diversifying away from resource- or low-technology-based exports and embedding itself in segments of global trade characterized by rapid innovation and technological change. Tracking high-technology exports also helps policymakers identify strengths and gaps in national innovation systems, benchmark progress against peers, and design targeted interventions to foster knowledge-intensive industries and diversify export portfolios."},{"id":"IndicatorName","value":"High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)"},{"id":"License_Type","value":"CC BY-4.0"},{"id":"License_URL","value":"https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by"},{"id":"Limitationsandexceptions","value":"The indicator is based on data reported by countries to COMTRADE. The export values presented in the World Development Indicators represent Gross Exports less Re-Exports. The values may be impacted in cases of reporting errors or missing data, for example if countries do not report Re-Exports for one or more periods."},{"id":"Longdefinition","value":"High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery."},{"id":"Periodicity","value":"Annual"},{"id":"Referenceperiod","value":"2007-2024"},{"id":"Shortdefinition","value":"High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery."},{"id":"Source","value":"Comtrade database, United Nations (UN), uri: comtrade.un.org, publisher: UN Statistics Division;\u000aWorld Integrated Trade Solution system (WITS), World Bank (WB), uri: https://wits.worldbank.org/"},{"id":"Statisticalconceptandmethodology","value":"Methodology: Data for high-technology exports are sourced from the United Nations Comtrade database and accessed through the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) platform. Export values are calculated as gross exports minus re-exports, using country-reported trade statistics. The methodology aggregates the value of exports for all products classified as high-technology according to SITC Rev.4 codes, as defined by Eurostat and the OECD. Periodic updates to product codes and conversion tables (e.g., from HS to SITC) are incorporated to maintain consistency and address data gaps. The indicator is published annually, and methodological adjustments—such as the inclusion of additional product codes to correct for conversion issues—are documented in the metadata to ensure transparency and comparability over time.\u000aStatistical concept(s): High technology products are defined according to SITC Rev.4 as the sum of the following products: Aerospace, Computers-office machines, Electronics-telecommunications, Pharmacy, Scientific instruments, Electrical machinery, Chemistry, Non-electrical machinery, Armament. The following product codes are used: Aerospace: (714 – 71489 -71499)+7921+7922+7924+7925+79291+79293+87411; Computers-office machines: 75194+75195+752+75997; Electronics-communication: 76331+7638+(764-76493-76499)+7722+77261+77318+77625+77627+7763+7764+7768+89844+89846; Pharmacy: 5413+5415+5416+5421+5422; Scientific instruments: 774+871+87211+(874-87411-8742)+88111+88121+88411+88419+(8996-89965-89969); Electrical machinery: (7786-77861-777866-77869)+7787+77884; Chemistry: 52222+52223+52229+52269+525+531+57433+591; Non-electrical machinery: 71489+71499+7187+72847+7311+73131+73135+73142+73144+73151+73153+73161+73163+73165+73312+73314+73316+7359+73733+73735; Armament: 891\u000aThe list can also be accessed on the Eurostat website. This list, based on the OECD definition, contains technical products of which the manufacturing involved a high intensity of R&D. The original high-tech products classification is based on SITC Rev. 3 and is taken from Table 4 of Annex 2 of the 1997 working paper of Thomas Hatzichronouglou, OECD. In September 2019 the definition in the World Development Indicators database was updated to SITC Rev.4 from SITC Rev. 3.  The data are in current U.S. dollars and are sourced from the UN's Comtrade database.\u000a\u000aNote: The definition of high technology exports in WDI was modified as of October 2024. Specifically the list of SITC Rev.4 high technology product codes now includes product code 776 in its entirety and that all data in its sub-categories is incorporated. This means that products codes 776.11, 776.12, 776.21, 776.23, 776.29 have been added to the high-tech list of products, which does not comply with OECD’s 2008 definition of high-tech.\u000a\u000aThis change was implemented to address the problem of missing data which occurs during the data conversion process from HS2022 to SITC4. This happens if a country submits export data in the HS2022 coding system and is no longer in HS2017. Specifically, the HS2022-to-SITC4 conversion table (downloaded from COMTRADE) does not break down product code 776.4+ into sub-categories, and the export data of these sub-categories has been subsumed into 776. Since there is no break down for 776.4+, extracting data from the SITC4 dataset in the COMTRADE database will yield zero value for SITC4 codes 776.4, 776.42, 776.44, 776.46, and 776.49 as defined in the OECD high-tech definition. Hence, when calculating high-tech export values using the forward method of summing up data from these five SITC4 codes will result in missing data caused by the conversion process. This can result in a significant year-on-year decline in high-tech export values for affected countries."},{"id":"Topic","value":"Infrastructure: Technology"},{"id":"Unitofmeasure","value":"% of GDP"}]}]}]}]}